Resumo
O mito é uma expressão da complexa relação que os seres humanos estabelecem com o universo, os deuses, a natureza, consigo próprios e com os outros. Neste contexto, compreender o mal e refletir sobre como o enfrentar constituem elementos centrais na formação dos sistemas de valores individuais e coletivos. Os mitos da Grécia Antiga oferecem um repertório significativo a este respeito. Este estudo examina esses mitos em relação aos conceitos de mal, crime, pecado e castigo, abordando tanto o seu significado e os princípios que moldam a expressão do mal, como os tipos de castigo a ele associados. Neste contexto, são analisadas noções como hubris, ā́tē, miasma, Moira, Ananke, eusebeia, mania, timé e elpis. Além disso, o estudo explora a simetria entre o mal e a punição que estrutura a lógica punitiva, incluindo a ética da vingança, a lei do devedor e do credor, a punição cíclica e a metamorfose. Por fim, defende que estas narrativas desempenham funções culturais fundamentais, permitindo aos indivíduos compreender o cosmos, definir as suas obrigações e dar sentido à vida e à morte, ao mesmo tempo que revelam a continuidade entre o logos mítico e o filosófico.
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